Drugs: Aminoglycosides, gold, amphotericin, NSAID, sulphonamides, penicillins.Other: Orthostatic proteinuria, electric current injury, hypokalaemia, Cushing syndrome.Functional proteinuria (albuminuria): fever, cold exposure, stress, pregnancy, eclampsia, CHF, shock, severe exercise.Renal: Increased renal tubular secretion,increased glomerular filtration (glomerular disease), nephrotic syndrome, pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis, malignant hypertension.Trace positive results are equivalent to 10 mg/100 ml or about 150 mg/24 hours (the upper limit of normal). Dipstick urinalysis detects protein with Bromphenol blue indicator dye and is most sensitive to albumin and less sensitive to Bence-Jones protein and globulins.Proteinuria is defined by the production of >150mg/day with nephrotic syndrome producing >3.5g/day Normal daily protein excretion should not exceed 150mg/24 hours or 10mg/100mL.Phenylketonuria, alkaptonuria, renal tuberculosis.Diabetes mellitus, starvation, diarrhoea, malabsorption.Systemic acidosis (metabolic or respiratory).High protein diet or fruits such as cranberries.Stale ammoniacal sample (left standing).Drugs: Amphotercin B, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (acetazolamide), NaHCO3, salicylate OD.Urinary tract infections (bacteriuria with urea splitting organisms).Renal tubular acidosis (RTA I (distal)), Fanconi syndrome.Systemic alkalosis (metabolic or respiratory).Vegetarian diet, low carbohydrate diet or ingestion of citrus fruit (although citrus fruits are acidic – the digestion process leaves an alkali ash).Control of pH is important in the management of several diseases, including bacteriuria, renal calculi, and drug therapy.The glomerular filtrate of blood plasma is usually acidified by renal tubules and collecting ducts from a pH of 7.4 to about 6 in the final urine.
The kidneys play an important role in acid-base regulation within the body to maintain a normal urinary pH range between 5.5 – 6.5 but it may vary from as low as 4.5 to as high as 8.0.diabetes mellitus or IV glucose administration), proteinuria, IV contrast, urine contamination, LMW dextran solutions (colloid) Elevation in specific gravity also occurs with glycosuria (e.g.Dehydration (fever, vomiting, diarrhea), SIADH, adrenal insufficiency, pre-renal renal failure, hyponatraemia with oedema, liver failure, CCF, nephrotic syndrome.Increased specific gravity indicates a concentrated urine with a large volume of dissolved solutes.Chronic Renal Failure (CRF), Chronic glomerulonephritis (GN).In end stage renal disease, specific gravity tends towards 1.010.The glomerular filtrate in Bowman’s space ranges from 1.007 to 1.010, any measurement below this range indicates hydration and any measurement above it indicates relative dehydration.Falsely low specific gravity can be associated with alkaline urine.Specific gravity between 1.002 and 1.035 on a random sample is normal IF kidney function is normal.ĭecreased: 1.022 after a 12 hour period without food or water, renal concentrating ability is impaired and the patient either has generalized renal impairment or nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.Specific Gravity measures the ability of the kidney to concentrate or dilute the urine and is directly proportional to urine osmolality (solute concentration).Specific gravity of urine is a measure of the amount of solutes dissolved in urine as compared to water (1.000).
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